functional-modeling-state-machineslisted

# Modeling State Machines ## Overview Most domain entities have a lifecycle: a quote is drafted, sent, accepted, or expires; a shipment is pending, dispatched, delivered. The usual representation is one record with a status field and a scattering of optional fields, which permits every combination of status and data and forces every function to check. Model the lifecycle as a choice type instead: one case per state, each carrying exactly the data that exists in that state, and one function per legal transition. Illegal states disappear, and so do illegal transitions. ## When to use - A record has a `status`, `state`, `stage` or `phase` field - Functions begin by branching on that field - Optional fields are meaningful only in some states - The business describes something as being "in" a state - A bug allowed an entity to skip a step, or to go backwards Not for: a value with no lifecycle, or a workflow's internal steps, which are [functional-designing-workflow-pipelines](../functional-designing-workflow-pipelines/SKILL.md). ## Core rules 1. Default. **One case per state.** Named as the business names it. 2. Rule. **Each case carries only its own data.** A tracking number belongs to the shipped and delivered cases, not to the type. 3. Default. **One function per transition**, taking the specific source state, not the whole union. 4. Rule. **Transitions return the target state**, or a `Result` when the transition can be refused. 5. Rule. **Make illegal transiti