iam-best-practiceslisted
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# Identity & Access Management Best Practices
Least-privilege cloud IAM: policy scope, privilege-escalation paths, permissions boundaries, workload identity over static keys, MFA enforced by policy, cross-account trust, and separating deploy from runtime. Use when generating IAM policies, roles, or trust documents, wiring CI/CD service accounts or workload identities, delegating role creation, or designing cross-account access.
## ALWAYS
- Grant the minimum permissions the workload's stated job requires: deny by default, then add concrete actions against concrete resources. A wildcard action on a wildcard resource — in a custom policy, in `AdministratorAccess`, or in `iam:*` attached to something that runs continuously — is the same finding wearing three different names.
- Read a policy for the **privileges it can reach**, not only the ones it names. A principal that can write policy (`iam:PutRolePolicy`, `iam:AttachRolePolicy`, `iam:CreatePolicyVersion`) can grant itself anything, and a principal that can pass a role into a compute service it may also create (`iam:PassRole` with `lambda:CreateFunction`, `ec2:RunInstances`, `glue:CreateJob`) inherits that role's privileges. These read as narrow grants and are administrative ones. `references/escalation-paths.md` lists the combinations worth failin